Image Attributions and License Details

The following are attributions for each image and license details on this site.

First Century


• Title:The Sermon on the Mount (1877)
• Artist: Carl Heinrich Bloch
•Source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg
• License: Public domain (work and photographic reproduction)

Title:The Fire of Rome, 18 July 64 AD
• Artist: Hubert Robert (also known as Robert des Ruines)
•Source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert,_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg
• License: Public domain (the painting was created in 1785 and the artist died in 1808, so it is in the public domain; the photographic reproduction on Wikimedia Commons is also treated as public domain).


• Title:Second Temple
• Author: Unknown
•Source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Temple.jpg
• License:Public domain


• Title:Maison Carrée in Nîmes
• Photographer:Dennis Jarvis
•Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_(16).jpg
• License:CC BY-SA 2.0 (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0)

Colosseum image: "Colosseo 2020.jpg" by FeaturedPics, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

Interior dome of Temple of Mercury: "Baia-Tempio_di_Mercurio.jpg" by Altsachse, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

Aqueduct Pont du Gard HDR.jpg by Wolfgang Staudt, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license." https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Saints Peter and Paul: "Beaux-Arts de Carcassonne - La séparation de Saint Pierre et de Saint Paul 1671 - Giovanni Lanfranco 106x144.jpg by Didier Descouens, used under CC BY-SA 4.0"

Destruction of the Second Temple: "(Venice) La distruzione del tempio di Gerusalemme -Francesco Hayez - gallerie Accademia Venice.jpg by Didier Descouens, used under CC BY-SA 4.0"

Pliny the Elder: "Grande_Illustrazione_del_Lombardo_Veneto_Vol_3_Plinio_Secondo_300dpi.jpg by Merlitti (scan of 1859 illustration by Geoffrey), public domain" source: From Cesare Cantù, Grande Illustrazione del Lombardo Veneto, Vol. III, Milano 1859

Bust of Trajan (Glyptothek Munich, Inv. 72), photographed by User:Bibi Saint-Pol, released into the public domain.

Hadrian coin: INC-1842-a Ауреус Адриан ок. 119–122 гг. (аверс).png, by Wikimedia Commons contributor, from Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1842-a_Ауреус_Адриан_ок._119-122_гг._(аверс).png
), licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Map or Roman empire: RomanEmpire 117.svg, by ArdadN (English Wikipedia), public domain, from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg

Marcus Aurelius Relief: 0 Relief – Monument honoraire de Marc Aurèle – La soumission des germains (1).JPG, by Charles~jsharp, CC BY-SA 4.0, from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_(1).JPG

Image of Pantheon: Giovanni Paolo Panini – Interior of the Pantheon, Rome by Giovanni Paolo Panini, public domain, from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon,_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Codex: Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg, by Erik, CC BY-SA 3.0, from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg

Ptolemy: Ptolemy_16century.jpg, 16th-century engraving of Claudius Ptolemy, public domain, Wikimedia Commons:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy_16century.jpg


Photo by Giovanni Dall’Orto, 25 June 2011, used under Attribution (Commons license), from Wikimedia Commons.


Photo by G. Dall’Orto, 28 May 2006, used under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike (CC BY‑SA). Source: Wikimedia Commons.


Image from Wikimedia Commons (public domain): “The Humiliation of the Emperor Valerian by the Persian King Shapur”, pen and ink drawing by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1521, Kunstmuseum Basel.


“Map of Ancient Rome 271 AD” by historicair, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike (CC BY‑SA) and GFDL; source: Wikimedia Commons.


Photo by Ethan Doyle White, 27 November 2016, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International; source: Wikimedia Commons.


Photo by user “Lalupa,” 5 February 2006, released into the public domain; source: Wikimedia Commons.


*“Römische Sägemühle” created by 論, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.

“Diocletian’s Palace (original appearance)” — illustration by Ernest Hébrard (1912), faithful reproduction of a public‑domain work of art (public domain), from Wikimedia Commons.


Photo by Merulana, 4 December 2022, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY‑SA 4.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.


Photo from Wikimedia Commons, “Bust of Theodosius I,” by www.livius.org, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY‑SA 4.0)


Icon by Jjensen, 23 August 2008, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY‑SA 3.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.


“Map of Byzantine Constantinople” by Jniemenmaa, 15 March 2005; licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 2.5/3.0 and GNU Free Documentation License; source: Wikimedia Commons.


“Old St Peter’s Basilica, Rome, about the year 1450 restored from ancient authorities,” drawn by Henry William Brewer (1891), public domain; source: Wikimedia Commons

Photo by Gerd Eichmann, 3 March 2010, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY‑SA 4.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.

“Nottingham reel,” public domain (image believed out of copyright in the US and home country); source: Wikimedia/Wikipedia.

Photo by Steven G. Johnson, 19 July 2006, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY‑SA 3.0) and GNU Free Documentation License; source: Wikimedia Commons.

Image: “Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne” (public domain) — faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain painting by Philippe de Champaigne (d. 1674); source: Wikimedia Commons.

Image: “Attila and his Hordes Overrun Italy and the Arts” (detail) by Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), public domain; photographic reproduction believed public domain; source: Wikimedia Commons.

Image: “The Sack of Rome by the Barbarians in 410” by Joseph‑Noël Sylvestre (1890), public domain photographic reproduction of a public‑domain artwork; source: Wikimedia Commons.


Image from Young Folks’ History of Rome by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1880), public domain; source: Wikimedia Commons.

Photo by Petar Milošević, 27 April 2015, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY‑SA 4.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.


Photo by NikonZ7II (Paris Orlando), 13 February 2022, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY‑SA 4.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.


Photo by Ysirzamiu, 8 December 2016, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY‑SA 4.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.



Photo by Jaume Meneses, taken 26 April 2010, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY‑SA 2.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.

Photo by Petar Milošević, 27 April 2015, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY‑SA 4.0); source: Wikimedia Commons.

Photo of sculpture of Clovis I at the Cathédrale de Saint‑Denis, Paris by Arnaud 25, released into the public domain via Wikimedia Commons.

San Colombano.jpg — 19th‑century stained glass with Saint Columbanus at the Abbey of Bobbio; author unknown, public domain.

Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken (photograph of a public‑domain painting by Josse Lieferinxe), faithful reproduction, public domain (Wikimedia Commons).

“Hagia Sophia” by Adli Wahid, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY‑SA 3.0)

“San Vitale Ravenna.jpg” by Madaki, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY‑SA 3.0).


Schiffmuehle02.jpg by molinologe, Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).


Ghent, Ghent University Library MS Bibliotheek Letteren en Wijsbegeerte-Handschriften 0021 fol. 24v‑25r Code of Justinian.jpg by Unknown author, Public Domain Mark 1.0.


Isidor_von_Sevilla.jpeg by unknown uploader (photograph of a public‑domain artwork), Public Domain Mark 1.0.


Bernat, Martin Saint Helena & Heraclius taking the Holy Cross to Jerusalem.jpg Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png by Miki Filigranski, CC BY‑SA 4.0.


Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg by DieBuche, released into the public domain (Worldwide Public Domain).

Georgia_Jvari_monastery_IMG_9345_2070.jpg by Alexxx1979, CC BY‑SA 4.0

Jerusalem‑2013(2)‑Temple Mount‑Dome of the Rock (SE exposure).jpg by Andrew Shiva, CC BY‑SA 4.0.

Moulin_maree_brehat.jpg by Flore Allemandou, CC BY‑SA 3.0.

Greekfire‑madridskylitzes1.jpg by unknown author, Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Carolus‑Martell.jpg, unknown author, Public Domain (Public Domain Mark 1.0).

Pepin_le_Bref.jpg by Jean Fouquet, Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG by User:Bigdaddy1204, CC BY‑SA 3.0 (Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 3.0 Unported).

Charles Martel fighting the Saracens at Tours‑Poitiers in 732, Great Chronicles of France (27408010460).jpg by Levan Ramishvili, Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

All Saints’ Church, Brixworth 89.jpg by Simon Burchell, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg by Johannes Stöffler (1452–1531), Public Domain (Public Domain Mark 1.0).

Paper-industry-02.jpg by Unknown author, Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Karel_Leo.jpg by Anonymous, Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Alfred_the_Great,_silver_penny;struck_875–880(obverse).png by Classical Numismatic Group, Inc., CC BY-SA 2.5 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/

Francia_814.svg by Alphathon, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Viking ship “Lofotr”.jpg by Geir Are Johansen, CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/).

Kloster_Lorsch_06.jpg by Armin Kübelbeck, CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).

Sonnenuntergang_Dom.jpg by Geolina163, CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).

Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français de l’époque carlovingienne à la Renaissance, tome 6 ‑ 357.png by Eugène Viollet‑le‑Duc (1814–1879), Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Toweroflondonstirrup10thcentury.jpg by Ealdgyth, CC BY‑SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/3.0/).

Bas‑côté nord, baie VI Otto Rex (dernier tiers XIIe).jpg by Pierre Kessler (photograph), Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Basilios_II.jpg by unknown medieval artist, Public Domain (Public Domain Mark 1.0).

Caliphate_of_Córdoba_under_Almanzor_-_1000_CE.png by DaniCBP, CC BY‑4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Lebedev_baptism.jpg by Klavdiy Vasilievich Lebedev (1852–1916), Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

20190419_Gernrode_StCyriakus_DSC07781_HDRfusion_PtrQs.jpg by PtrQs, CC BY‑SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/4.0/).

Mezquita de Córdoba desde el aire (Córdoba, España).jpg by Toni Castillo Quero, CC BY‑SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/2.0/).

Verseuse_phénix_Musée_Guimet_2418.jpg by Vassil, Public Domain Mark 1.0, Wikimedia Commons.

Lock_and_cottage_on_Aylesbury_Arm_of_Grand_Union_-geograph.org.uk-_112420.jpg by George Mahoney, CC BY‑SA 2.0 (Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 2.0 Generic).


Statue_d’Dgilliaume_lé_Contchéthant_à_Falaise_01.jpg by Man vyi, Public Domain (released into the public domain worldwide).

Urbano II in consacrazione de l’altare del monastero di Cluny (detail).png by unknown author (from Miscellanea secundum usum ordinis Cluniacensis, Paris, BNF lat. 17716, fol. 91r), Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Great_Schism_with_former_borders_(1054).png by Barrikader, CC BY‑SA 3.0 (Creative Commons Attribution‑ShareAlike 3.0 Unported).

Bayeuxtapestrydeathofharold.jpg by Unknown (12th century Bayeux Tapestry), scanned by Ealdgyth, Public Domain (Public Domain Mark 1.0).

Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg by Bernard Gagnon, CC BY‑SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/3.0/).

Dehio_212_Cluny.jpg by Prowindis, CC BY‑SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/3.0/). (commons.wikimedia.org)

Mouldboard_plough.JPG by Rosser1954 (Roger Griffith), Public Domain Mark 1.0.

B_Osma_85v.jpg by Martinus (scribe: Petrus) — Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Donor portrait – A noble lady kneeling – Psalter of Eleanor of Aquitaine (ca. 1185) – KB 76 F 13, folium 028v (cropped).jpg by Unknown author, CC BY‑SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/4.0/).

Henry_II_Illumination.jpg — from the Topographica Hiberniae (c. 1186) by Gerald of Wales, Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Emperor_Henry_V_cropped.png by Serial Number 54129, CC BY‑SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/4.0/).

London, British Library, Cotton MS Claudius B II, f.341r (cropped).jpg by Unknown miniaturist, Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Saint‑Denis ‑ Façade.jpg by Thomas Clouet, CC BY‑SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/4.0/).

Notre‑Dame_de_Paris_2013‑07‑24.jpg by P e z i (Peter Haas), CC BY‑SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/3.0/).

Horse_collar_-_carriage.jpg by David Merrett, CC BY‑2.5 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/).

Greetsieler_Zwillingsmühlen_2010.jpg by Carschten, CC BY‑SA 3.0 DE (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/3.0/de/).

Siège de Beijing (1213‑1214).jpeg by Sayf al‑Vāhidī (from Jamiʿ al‑tawārīkh), Public Domain Mark 1.0.

St‑thomas‑aquinasFXD.jpg by Carlo Crivelli (c. 1435–1495), Public Domain Mark 1.0 — this is a faithful reproduction of a public‑domain 15th‑century painting.

PriseDeConstantinople1204PalmaLeJeune.JPG by Palma Le Jeune, Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Article‑barons‑add‑ms‑4838.jpg — from British Library Additional MS 4838 (Articles of the Barons, 1215), Public Domain Mark 1.0 (public domain).

Chartres_JBU01.JPG by Jörg Bittner Unna, CC BY‑SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/3.0/).


Reims_Kathedrale.jpg by bodoklecksel, CC BY‑SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑sa/3.0/).

*Epistola de magnete* compass illustration, mid-14th century, by Peter Peregrinus, Bodleian Library. Public domain. [Source](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epistola-de-magnete.jpg)

File:Conrad von Soest, ’Brillenapostel’ (1403).jpg, painting “Brillenapostel” by Conrad von Soest (1403), public domain.

File:Portrait de Dante.jpg, Portrait of Dante by Sandro Botticelli (c. 1495), public domain (faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain artwork).

File:Altichiero, ritratto di Francesco Petrarca.jpg, Portrait of Francesco Petrarca by Altichiero (c. 1370–1380), public domain.

*Il Dittamondo*, fol. 18r, by Fazio degli Uberti with commentary by Andrea Morena da Lodi. CC BY‑SA 4.0. [Source](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fazio_degli_Uberti,_II_Dittamondo,_avec_le_commentaire_d%27_Andrea_Morena_da_Lodi._Ms._Ital._81._Fol._18r.jpg)

File:The Triumph of Death by Pieter Bruegel the Elder.jpg, The Triumph of Death, oil on panel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c. 1562), public domain.

Piazza della Signoria, Palazzo Vecchio, veduta 01, photo by Francesco Carovillano, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. (Source)

(Venice) Doge’s Palace and campanile of St. Mark’s Basilica facing the sea, photo by Didier Descouens, licensed CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(Venice)_Doge%27s_Palace_and_campanile_of_St._Mark%27s_Basilica_facing_the_sea.jpg

Clock of St. Alban’s Abbey, photo of the medieval astronomical clock designed by Richard of Wallingford (1350s), uploaded by OneWithNoSins, CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_of_St._Alban%27s_Abbey.jpg

16th Century Artillerie.jpg, 16th‑century artillery print (illustration) from Reinhard von Solms’s war book, reproduced from Otto Henne am Rhyn Kulturgeschichte des deutschen Volkes (Berlin, 1897), public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg

Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg, photographic reproduction of a Joan of Arc historiated initial artwork (public domain), color‑graded by Meidosensei, CC0/Public Domain Mark 1.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg

Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus, oil on canvas by Sebastiano del Piombo (1519), photographic reproduction dedicated to the public domain (CC0 1.0). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Man,_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg

Le siège de Constantinople (1453) by Jean Le Tavernier after 1455, miniature from the manuscript Voyage d’Outre‑Mer (BnF MSS fr. 9087, fol. 207v), public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_siège_de_Constantinople_(1453)_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg

SantaMariaPalos1.jpg, photo of the Santa María caravel replica by Miguel Ángel “fotógrafo”, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SantaMariaPalos1.jpg

Florence Cathedral seen from Piazzale Michelangelo night dllu.jpg, photo by Dllu, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg

Pazzi Chapel Florence Apr 2008.jpg, photo of the interior of the Pazzi Chapel in Florence by Gryffindor, licensed under CC BY‑SA 3.0 (or later). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pazzi_Chapel_Florence_Apr_2008.jpg

Portuguese Caravel.jpg, photo of a model Portuguese caravel ship by PHGCOM, licensed under CC BY‑SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_Caravel.jpg

PrintMus 038.jpg, photo of Peter Small demonstrating the use of a Gutenberg printing press at the International Printing Museum, by vlasta2, licensed CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PrintMus_038.jpg

Lucas Cranach d.Ä. – Martin Luther, 1528 (Veste Coburg).jpg, oil portrait of Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1528), faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain painting. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg

Elizabeth I of England – Joy of Museums – National Portrait Gallery, London – 2.jpg, photographic reproduction of a public‑domain portrait of Queen Elizabeth I of England (copy after an original c. 1559), uploaded by Joyofmuseums; public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_of_England_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_National_Portrait_Gallery,_London_-_2.jpg

Ferdinand Pauwels – Luther hammers his 95 theses to the door.jpg, oil on canvas by Ferdinand Pauwels (1872), photographic reproduction of a public‑domain artwork. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Pauwels_-_Luther_hammers_his_95_theses_to_the_door.jpg.

Valdés surrenders to Francis Drake aboard Revenge.jpg, oil on canvas The Surrender of Pedro de Valdés to Francis Drake by John Seymour Lucas (1889), faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain work. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg.


St. Peter’s Basilica Rome ‑ 20140808 2350.jpg, photo of St. Peter’s Basilica (view from Castel Sant’Angelo) by Jakub Hałun, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St._Peter%27s_Basilica_Rome_-_20140808_2350.jpg

Monasterio de El Escorial en Madrid.jpg, photo of the Monastery and Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial near Madrid by Zvonimir Stamenov, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_El_Escorial_en_Madrid.jpg

Matchlock musket and powder case (26424336281).jpg, photo of a matchlock musket and powder case by Thomas Quine, licensed under CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Matchlock_musket_and_powder_case_(26424336281).jpg

A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, called the Metamorphosis of Ajax – Harington’s flush toilet (crop).jpg, illustration from A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, called the Metamorphosis of Ajax by Sir John Harington (1596), public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_New_Discourse_of_a_Stale_Subject,_called_the_Metamorphosis_of_Ajax_-_Harington%27s_flush_toilet_(crop).jpg

Shakespeare.jpg, portrait of William Shakespeare by Botechtli, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shakespeare.jpg (commons.wikimedia.org)

John Locke. Portrait by Herman Verelst (cropped).jpg, cropped portrait of John Locke by Herman Verelst (artist died 1690), faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain painting. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Locke._Portrait_by_Herman_Verelst_(cropped).jpg

Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, by William Halsall.jpg, The Mayflower on Her Arrival in Plymouth Harbor (1882), oil on canvas by William Halsall, public domain (photographic reproduction). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor,_by_William_Halsall.jpg

Battle_of_Naseby.jpg, 17th‑century historic depiction of the Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645) by an unknown artist, faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain work. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Naseby.jpg.

Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings – Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 – 083.jpg, aerial photo of the Domain of Versailles by ToucanWings, licensed CC BY‑SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_aérienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_083.jpg

St Pauls Cathedral West Front.jpg, photo of the west facade of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, by Helloworld314, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg

Galileo telescope.jpg, photo of an early telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei by אהאמא, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo_telescope.jpg

NewtonsPrincipia.jpg, photograph of Sir Isaac Newton’s first‑edition Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica with handwritten corrections, photo by Andrew Dunn, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg

Gilbert Stuart – George Washington – Google Art Project.jpg, photographic reproduction of George Washington (after Gilbert Charles Stuart, 1797), public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Rembrandt Peale – Thomas Jefferson – Google Art Project.jpg, portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale (1800), photographic reproduction of a public‑domain painting. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Peale_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, MMA‑NYC, 1851.jpg, Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851), oil on canvas by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain work. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze,_MMA-NYC,_1851.jpg

Exécution de Marie Antoinette le 16 octobre 1793.jpg, historical painting of the execution of Queen Marie Antoinette at the Place de la Révolution, anonymous artist, public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg

Monticello_reflected.jpeg, photo of Monticello reflected in a pond by Nashpaul, licensed under CC BY‑SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monticello_reflected.jpeg

Capitol at Dusk 2.jpg, photo of the U.S. Capitol at dusk by Martin Falbisoner, licensed under CC BY‑SA 3.0 Unported. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capitol_at_Dusk_2.jpg

Spinning jenny blackburn.JPG, photo of a Spinning Jenny at the Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery by Geni, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG

WattsSteamEngine.jpeg, drawing of James Watt’s steam engine from the Encyclopædia Britannica (3rd ed., 1797), scan by DigbyDalton, licensed CC BY‑SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WattsSteamEngine.jpeg


David – Napoleon Crossing the Alps – Malmaison1.jpg, Bonaparte franchissant les Alpes au Grand‑Saint‑Bernard (c. 1801) by Jacques‑Louis David, public domain (faithful photographic reproduction of a public‑domain painting). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg

Abraham Lincoln O‑77 matte collodion print.jpg, portrait of Abraham Lincoln by Alexander Gardner, 8 Nov 1863; public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg

William_Holmes_Sullivan_‑_Capture_of_the_Eagle_1898.gif, The 1st Dragoons capturing the Eagle of the French 105th Line Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Waterloo (1898) by William Holmes Sullivan, public domain (faithful photographic reproduction). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Holmes_Sullivan_-_Capture_of_the_Eagle_1898.gif

Battle of Antietam by Thulstrup.jpg, Battle of Antietam (1887) chromolithograph after a work by Thure de Thulstrup, public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Antietam_by_Thulstrup.jpg

Brooklyn Bridge ‑ New York City.jpg, photo of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City by Simone Roda, licensed under CC BY‑2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Bridge_-_New_York_City.jpg

Eiffel Tower, full‑view looking toward the Trocadero, Exposition Universal, 1900, Paris, France.jpg, photochrom print of the Eiffel Tower and Trocadéro during the 1900 Exposition Universelle, from the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division; public domain in the United States. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower,_full-view_looking_toward_the_Trocadero,_Exposition_Universal,_1900,_Paris,_France.jpg

Puffing Billy (6424924065).jpg, photo of the Puffing Billy locomotive taken at Belgrave railway station by TarnishedPath, licensed under CC BY‑SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Puffing_Billy_(6424924065).jpg

Wallace Study‑Telegraph.jpg, photo of a telegraph key and sounder by John Schanlaub, licensed under CC BY‑2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg

Sir Winston Churchill – 19086236948.jpg, photograph of Winston Churchill by Yousuf Karsh (30 Dec 1941), licensed CC BY‑2.0 (originally posted to Flickr by BiblioArchives/LibraryArchives). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg

Ronald Reagan with cowboy hat 12‑0071M edit.jpg, photograph of Ronald Reagan at Rancho del Cielo by a photographer of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_with_cowboy_hat_12‑0071M_edit.jpg

Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, larger.jpeg, photograph by Joe Rosenthal of U.S. Marines raising the American flag on Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945; public domain (U.S. publication not renewed). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima,_larger.jpeg

West and East Germans at the Brandenburg Gate in 1989.jpg, photo of the Fall of the Berlin Wall at Brandenburg Gate by Lear 21 (reproduction of public documentation), licensed CC BY‑SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg

Empire State Building during sunset.jpg, photo of the Empire State Building in midtown Manhattan taken from the roof of 375 Hudson after sunset on 31 January 2017 by Michael Discenza, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_during_sunset.jpg


Fallingwater3.jpg, photo of Fallingwater at Mill Run, Pennsylvania by lachrimae72, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fallingwater3.jpg

First flight3.jpg, photograph of the first successful powered flight of the Wright Flyer by the Wright brothers (Orville at the controls), taken by John T. Daniels, public domain (U.S.). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_flight3.jpg

Glen Beck and Betty Snyder program the ENIAC in building 328 at the Ballistic Research Laboratory.jpg, ENIAC programming photo by an unknown U.S. Army photographer; public domain (U.S. federal government work). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg